What is the History of Kashmir?

The UN adopted resolution No. 47 in 1948. The resolution says, “The Govt. of Pakistan should undertake to use its best endeavors to secure the withdrawal from the State of Jammu and Kashmir of tribesmen and Pakistani Nationals not normally resident therein who have entered the state for fighting, and to prevent intrusion into the state of such elements and any furnishing of material aid to those fighting in the state…… The resolution further states that after all the measures stipulated above have been met, a plebiscite must be held so that the people of the state determine their future.

the third Buddhist council took place in Kashmir which has been attested by the 7th century Chinese traveler Hien Tsang.But Hinduism held its sway in the region. The 7th Century AD witnessed

Patel wanted that the refugees coming from Pakistan should be settled in the valley before the plebiscite. This was one more measure coming from an astute politician. This would have been in the interest of the young Nation. Nehru wanted only Muslim refugees to be settled there. The question hanged fire and nothing got done.

theestablishment of a dynasty called the Karkota whose foundation stone was laidby Durlabhavarrdhana.

Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK) claims its self-governing assembly, but the fact is that it works under the control of Pakistan.

In 1950 Sheikh Abdullah extracted Article 370 from the Indian Government. Article 370 made Jammu and Kashmir a country within a country, with its own flag, emblem, constitution and Sadr-i-Riyasat (Prime Minister). The architect of the Indian Constitution, Dr. Ambedkar, opposed granting Article 370 but it was on India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's insistence and personal guarantee that it was granted to the state.

The most famous ruler of this dynasty was LalitadityaMuktapid who built the world famous sun temple (Martand) in Kashmir. TheKarkotas were supplanted by the Utpalas in 855 AD.

Pakistan Occupied Kashmir is that part of the Jammu and Kashmir state of India which was invaded by the Pakistan in 1947.
(Indian soldiers during the war of 1947 against Pakistan)

This Article specified that except for Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communications, the Indian Parliament needed the State Government's concurrence for applying such laws to Jammu and Kashmir as did not fall under the heads of Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communications. Parliamentary laws pertaining to these three subjects required consultation with the J&K State Government.

Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK) is a part of the original Kashmir, whose borders touches to Pakistan area of Punjab, Northwest, Wakhan corridor of Afghanistan, Xinjiang region of China and east of Indian Kashmir

Article 370 was promulgated and troubles began. The Kashmiri Muslim-dominated National Conference opposed the extension of India’s citizenship laws, fundamental rights and related legal rights to the state. They also began to question the finality of the accession of the state to India. Hindus in Jammu rose up in protest in a movement known as the Praja Parishad agitation.

If Gilgit-Baltistan is removed, the area of Azad Kashmir is spread over 13,300 square kilometers (about 3 times of Indian Kashmir) and its population is about 40 lacs.

The National Conference led by Sheikh Abdullah used the leeway granted to it by India to grab all the seats of the Constituent Assembly, squeezing out representatives of Jammu and Ladakh, and those of Kashmiri Hindus and Sikhs. The Praja Parishad candidates in Jammu found their election papers rejected before the election, and appealed to Indian leaders including Nehru to set up an enquiry into the election conduct and to prevent the state administration from openly aiding the National Conference candidates. The Indian leadership, perhaps mindful of the unstable situation in the state, sided with the National Conference.

Azad Kashmir's capital is Muzaffarabad and it has 8 districts, 19 Tehsils and 182 federal councils.

The conditions set the stage for the intensification of the Praja Parishad agitation and the open communalization of the state. In the end the misgivings of non-Muslims and residents of Jammu and Ladakh were ignored.

The most important ruler ofthis dynasty was Avanti-verman. He recovered Kashmir from utter political andeconomic disorder into which Kashmir had fallen during the rule of hispredecessors. Didda

In the southern part of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, there are 8 districts: Mirpur, Bhimbar, Kotli, Muzaffarabad, Bagh, Neelam, Rawalakot and Sudhanoti

Didda was a very unscrupulous and willful ladyand led a very immoral life. But in spite of these drawbacks, she ruled thevalley with firm hands.

The Constituent Assembly ceased to exist in 1957 and was replaced by the state legislative assembly. The National Conference government perpetually gerrymandered electoral districting to ensure a heavy weightage in favor of Kashmir versus Jammu and Ladakh. Within Kashmir, pockets of Hindu majority were combined with Muslim majority districts so that no Kashmiri Hindu was ever elected to the assembly.

The politics now came down to the social sphere in the state. The rapid process of summary removal of the Hindus from the State services was initiated on the pretext of communal imbalances in the services. The admissions of Kashmiri Hindus to various academic institutions were restricted to a negligible 2-8 percent of the total admissions made every year. In effect, an unprecedented and unfair affirmative action program was instituted for the majority in the state. Article 370 allowed this to happen.

A part of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir's Hunza-Gilgit, the Shaksgam Valley,region of Raksam and Baltistan was handed over to China by Pakistan in 1963. This area is called a ceded area or Trans-Karakoram Tract.

The last Hindu ruler of Kashmir was Udyan Dev. His chief Queen Kota Raniwas the de facto ruler of the kingdom

he National Conference governments gradually and decisively used Article 370 and previously existing laws to eradicate the Kashmiri Hindu population. Many of this community had already moved out in the decades and centuries before 1947, and now with full religious and political freedom and opportunities in the rest of India contrasting with severe oppression in the valley, many Kashmiri Hindus, especially young men, started moving out of the valley.

People of POK mainly cultivate and the main source of income are; maize, wheat, forestry, and livestock income.

The State Subject law has a unique feature to it: women who marry men (including those who are Kashmiri Hindus) domiciled outside the state, automatically lose their right as a ‘State Subject’. Even if their children are born in the state, those children have no rights and are destined to live elsewhere in India. Because the Pundits had already fled the state and because their daughters had married outside the State, they and their children were dispossessed of the land owning rights.