What was the history of Mesopotamian?

hi

hii

In the narrow sense, Mesopotamia is the area between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, north or northwest of the bottleneck at Baghdad,

in modern Iraq; it is Al-Jazīrah (“The Island”) of the Arabs. South of this lies Babylonia,

named after the city of Babylon. However, in the broader sense,

the name Mesopotamia has come to be used for the area bounded on the northeast by the Zagros Mountains and on the southwest

by the edge of the Arabian Plateau and stretching from the Persian Gulf in the southeast to the spurs of the Anti-Taurus Mountains in the northwest

Only from the latitude of Baghdad do the Euphrates and Tigris truly become twin rivers,

the rāfidān of the Arabs, which have constantly changed their courses over the millennia.

The low-lying plain of the Kārūn River in Persia has always been closely related to Mesopotamia,

but it is not considered part of Mesopotamia as it forms its own river system.

Mesopotamia, south of Al-Ramādī (about 70 miles, or 110 kilometres, west of Baghdad) on the Euphrates

the bend of the Tigris below Sāmarrā

s flat alluvial land. Between Baghdad and the mouth of the Shaṭṭ al-ʿArab

where it empties into the Persian Gulf) there is a difference in height of only about 100 feet (30 metres).

As a result of the slow flow of the water,

here are heavy deposits of silt, and the riverbeds are raised

Consequently, the rivers often overflow their banks (and may even change their course)

when they are not protected by high dikes

The extreme south is a region of extensive marshes and reed swamps, hawrs,

which, probably since early times, have served as an area of refuge for oppressed and displaced peoples.

The supply of water is not regular; as a result of the high average temperatures

a very low annual rainfall, the ground of the plain of latitude 35° N is hard and dry and unsuitable for plant cultivation for at least eight months in the year.

Consequently, agriculture without risk of crop failure, which seems to have begun in the higher rainfall zones and in the hilly borders of Mesopotamia in the 10th millennium BCE,

began in Mesopotamia itself, the real heart of the civilization,