Tell about Mughal Emperor Humayun ?

In December 1530, Humayun succeeded his father to the throne of Delhi as ruler of the Mughal territories in the Indian subcontinent.

He also received military training and was appointed governor of Badakhashan at the age of 20.

He proved his bravery as a young governor and fought at Panipat and Khanwa, two decisive battles in Indian history.

His father ensured that he was trained as an administrator and a warrior.

At the age of 22, Humayun was an inexperienced ruler when he came to power. His half-brother Kamran Mirza inherited Kabul and Kandahar, the northernmost parts of their father's empire. Mirza was to become a bitter rival of Humayun.

Babur died and Humayun ascended to the throne on 26 December 1530 as the second emperor of the Mughal dynasty.

Humayun lost Mughal territories to Sher Shah Suri, but regained them 15 years later with Safavid aid.

He faced bitter rivalry from his brothers, and also faced threat from other rulers such as Sultan Bahadur and Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan).

Humayun's return from Persia was accompanied by a large retinue of Persian noblemen and signalled an important change in Mughal court culture.

His half-brother Kamran treacherously took the Punjab and the Indus Valley.

The Central Asian origins of the dynasty were largely overshadowed by the influences of Persian art, architecture, language and literature.

There are many stone carvings and thousands of Persian manuscripts in India dating from the time of Humayun.

During the initial years of his reign, both his major rivals extended their territories.

Sultan Bahadur planned to attack Humayun’s territories, but Humayun acted quickly and went on to capture the forts of Mandu and Champaner, forcing Bahadur to take up refuge with the Portuguese. Bahadur eventually died in 1537.

Subsequently, Humayun further expanded the Empire in a very short time, leaving a substantial legacy for his son, Akbar.

Meanwhile Sher Shah Suri was consolidating his power in Bihar and Bengal and was emerging as a powerful ruler.

The decision of Babur to divide the territories of his empire between two of his sons was unusual in India, although it had been a common Central Asian practice since the time of Genghis Khan.

He challenged the Mughal rule and even though Humayun was able to temporarily oust Sher Shah from Bengal, he could not defend his territories from Sher Shah for long.

Unlike most monarchies, which practised primogeniture, the Timurids followed the example of Genghis and did not leave an entire kingdom to the eldest son

Sher Shah successfully defeated the Mughals at Chausa in 1539 and over 8,000 Mughal troops were killed in the bloody battle.

Although under that system only a could claim sovereignty and khanal authority, any male Chinggisid within a given sub-branch had an equal right to the throne (though the Timurids were not Chinggisid in their paternal ancestry)

This considerably weakened Humayun’s strength, and to add to his miseries, his own brothers were also plotting against him.

While Genghis Khan's Empire had been peacefully divided between his sons upon his death, almost every Chinggisid succession since had resulted in fratricide

Sher Shah Suri continued his attacks on the Mughals and drove Humayun to the west.

Timur himself had divided his territories among Pir Muhammad, Miran Shah, Khalil Sultan and Shah Rukh, which resulted in inter-family warfare