Tell about Babylonian ?

The Elamites remained in control of Babylonia for a short duration and were soon displaced by King Nebuchadnezzar I from the city state of Isin.

The regular attacks from Kassites followed closely by the Hittites resulted in the decline of Ancient Babylonia.

THE PATRON DEITY OF BABYLON WAS MARDUK
The Babylonians believed in many Gods who were human in form but immortal and superhuman in power. Their Gods were in charge of the realms of heaven, earth, sea and air; or of the sun, moon and planets; or of natural entities as river, mountain and plain; or of social entities as city and state. Marduk was the head of the deities of the Babylonian pantheon.

The Assyrian ruler Tiglath-Pileser III declared war on Babylonia and emerged victorious in 729 BC. However the region proved hard to govern for the Assyrians and their king Sennacherib sacked and destroyed Babylon for its rebelliousness.

The Babylonians were the first people to bring in the concept of sales contract. They also introduced the idea of sealing in a contract.

After being destroyed and then rebuilt by the Assyrians, Babylon became the capital of the short lived Neo-Babylonian Empire from 609 to 539 BC.

He was granted this leadership as a reward for avenging the Gods by defeating Tiamat, the savage and defiant goddess of chaos. Other important Babylonian deities include Ea, the god of wisdom and spells; Sin, the moon god; Shamash, the sun god and the god of justice; Ishtar, the goddess of love and war; and Adad, the god of wind, storm and flood.

The Babylonian art was one of its kind in the ancient times. The ancient Babylonians introduced jewelries into the world.

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, although a number of scholars believe these were actually in the Assyrian capital of Nineveh

Nabopolassar became king of Babylon in 626 BC. He seized control over much of Babylonia from the Assyrians with the support of its inhabitants. He then formed an alliance with the Iranian people to attack and sack the Assyrian capital of Nineveh. Nabopolassar and his successors went on to govern an empire known as the Neo-Babylonian Empire. It included much of Assyria’s former territory and lasted from 626 BC to 539 BC.

They made use of precious gems and metals to design the jewelries. Needless to say, they were extra-ordinary jewelry makers.

Large temples were dedicated to each of the important deities in one or more Babylonian cities. Large cities had many temples; like Babylon had more than 50 temples during the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The primary function of the temples was to fulfill the need of the Gods through sacred rites and large ceremonies carried out by an institutionalized clergy.

After the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the city came under the rule of the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, Roman, and Sassanid empires.

The Neo-Babylonian Empire was a period of political expansion and cultural flowering in Babylonia and it is considered the greatest period of Babylonian supremacy. Among other things, there was improvement in economic life and agricultural production; and great flourishing of architecture, arts and science.

The epics like EnunaElish and Gilgamesh were the important pieces of Babylonian writing that made their literature much better.

BABYLONIA LAID THE FOUNDATION FOR WESTERN MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY
It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world from around 1770 BC to 1670 BC; and then again between 612 BC and 320 BC. It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 200,000. The Babylonian civilization achieved much during the time of its supremacy.

It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world c. 1770 – c. 1670 BC, and again c. 612 – c. 320 BC

The last king of Babylonia was Nabonidus. In 539 BC, Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered the Neo-Babylonian Empire. This was the end of the last independent state of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization. Babylonia remained a part of the Persian Empire till Alexander the Great gained control of it in 331 BC.

They developed the first ever positional number system in which the value of a digit depends on both the digit and its position. Positional system greatly simplifies arithmetic and helped the Babylonians to make great advances in mathematics.

Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic languages which originated in the Middle East. The Akkadian language, which predates the founding of the Akkadian Empire by many centuries, is the earliest attested Semitic language.

It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 291,000.

It has now been established that Greek and Hellenistic mathematicians borrowed heavily from the Babylonians. Babylonia also contributed significantly to Mesopotamian art and architecture; and built massive and marvelous structures like Etemenanki and the Ishtar Gate.

The Sumerian language is regarded as a language isolate in linguistics as it belongs to no known language family. In 3rd millennium BC, there was a close cultural symbiosis between Sumerians and Akkadians in Mesopotamia which included widespread bilingualism. The languages thus deeply influenced each other.

Estimates for the maximum extent of its area range from 890 to 900 hectares (2,200 acres).

Initially a part of the Akkadian Empire, Babylonia retained the written Akkadian language for official use while the Sumerian language was used for religious purposes. However by the time Babylonia was founded, Sumerian had been totally replaced by Akkadian as the spoken language.